Computer graphics hardware consists of physical devices used to create, process, store, and display graphical images.Graphics primitives are the basic building blocks of images such as points,lines,curves,and polygons which are combined to form complex graphics.
The Cathode Ray Tube is an early display device that uses an electron gun to emit a beam of electrons which strike a phosphor-coated screen to produce images.The beam scans the screen repeatedly to refresh the image and avoid flickering.
Raster scan displays generate images by scanning the screen line by line from top to bottom.Pixel intensity values are stored in a frame buffer and refreshed continuously to display graphics accurately.
Plasma displays consist of tiny gas-filled cells that emit ultraviolet light when electrically charged,producing visible colors.These displays are known for high brightness and contrast and are commonly used for large screens.
LCD technology uses liquid crystals to control light passing through them with the help of a backlight.LCDs are thin,lightweight,consume less power,and are widely used in laptops,monitors,and mobile devices.
Plotters are output devices used for producing large vector drawings such as maps and engineering designs,while printers generate hard copies of images and text using inkjet or laser technology.
Graphics cards are dedicated hardware components that process graphical data and accelerate rendering operations.PCIe graphics cards provide high-speed data transfer between the CPU and GPU for improved performance.
Input devices are used to interact with graphics systems and include keyboard for text input,trackball and mouse for pointer movement,joystick for directional control,pen tablet digitizer for drawing and design,and digital cameras for capturing images.
Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers used to represent transformations such as translation,rotation,and scaling.Determinants help in understanding matrix properties like invertibility and scaling effects.
Matrix operations such as addition,subtraction,multiplication,transpose,and inverse are essential for performing graphical transformations and combining multiple transformations efficiently.
Vectors represent both magnitude and direction and are used to define points,directions,velocities,and surface normals in computer graphics using coordinate systems.
The Digital Differential Analyzer algorithm is a line drawing algorithm that calculates intermediate points using incremental floating-point arithmetic to draw straight lines between two endpoints.
Bresenham’s algorithm efficiently draws straight lines using integer arithmetic,making it faster and more suitable for raster displays compared to DDA.
This algorithm draws circles by exploiting symmetry and incremental calculations,reducing computation and improving rendering speed.
Clipping is the process of removing portions of objects that lie outside the viewing region to improve rendering efficiency and ensure correct display.
This algorithm assigns region codes to line endpoints and uses logical operations to determine whether a line is fully visible,invisible,or partially visible.
The midpoint subdivision algorithm recursively divides a line segment until visible portions are identified within the clipping window.
The flood fill algorithm fills connected regions with a specified color until a boundary or different color is encountered.
The boundary fill algorithm fills an area until it reaches a defined boundary color and is commonly used in interactive painting applications.
This algorithm fills polygons by scanning horizontal lines across the shape and computing intersections with polygon edges.
Two-dimensional transformations modify object position,size,orientation,and shape using mathematical operations applied to coordinates.
Homogeneous coordinates use an additional dimension to simplify transformation calculations and allow multiple transformations to be combined using matrix multiplication.
Composite transformations apply multiple transformations sequentially by multiplying their corresponding matrices into a single matrix.
Three-dimensional transformations operate on objects represented in x,y,and z coordinates and are used in modeling real-world scenes.
These transformations modify 3D objects by changing size,orientation,position,and shape using transformation matrices.
Complex transformations involve applying multiple operations and rotating objects around axes parallel to coordinate axes.
Projection techniques convert 3D objects into 2D representations with parallel projection preserving dimensions and perspective projection creating depth realism.
Viewing transformations define the observer’s position,orientation,and viewing direction in a graphical scene.
Polygon surfaces approximate objects using flat faces,while quadric surfaces represent smooth curved shapes such as spheres and cylinders.
Spline curves are mathematical representations used to create smooth and flexible shapes in modeling and animation.
These surfaces extend spline concepts to two dimensions and are widely used in CAD systems and surface modeling.
Illumination models describe how light interacts with surfaces using ambient,diffuse,and specular components.
Shading techniques such as flat shading,Gouraud shading,and Phong shading determine surface color and realism.
Multimedia integrates text,graphics,audio,video,and animation to create interactive and engaging digital content.
Multimedia objects are individual elements combined to form complete multimedia presentations.
Hypertext links text documents while hypermedia extends linking to multimedia content.
A multimedia system includes hardware,software,storage devices,and communication networks.
Vector graphics use mathematical equations while bitmap graphics represent images as pixels.
Image editing involves creating shapes,managing layers,drawing lines and curves,transforming objects,adjusting perspective,applying gradients,and modifying image properties.
Image adjustments include levels,auto levels,clone stamp,healing brush,feather effects,cropping,and resizing.
Audio systems consist of microphones,sound cards,and speakers and involve digitization of sound using sampling frequency and bandwidth.
Common audio formats include WAV,MP3,AAC,and MIDI where MIDI stores musical instructions instead of sound waves.
Video consists of rapidly displayed image frames while animation creates motion using frame-by-frame techniques,tweening,and morphing.
MPEG standards such as MPEG-1,MPEG-2,MPEG-4,MPEG-7,and MPEG-21 define compression and multimedia representation techniques.
Animation principles such as timing,anticipation,and smooth transitions enhance realism and visual appeal.